這三個形容詞都有「合法的」意思,但它們的含意並不相同,因此用法和應用亦有所差異。lawful 意為「依法的;合法的;法律認可的」,是指根據法律而存在的,並含有該法律具有道德和宗教約束力的意思,如 a lawful marriage (合法的婚姻);lawful ownership (合法所有權);I was going about a lawful business. (我打算從事合法事業)。這個字大多用在正式文件或固定片語中,如上述片語。
Legal 意為「法律允許的;合法的;法定的;(有關) 法律的;律師的」。法律所允許的任何行為以及法律明文的規定都是 legal,如 It is legal for people over 18 to buy alcohol. (18 歲以上的人買酒是合法的);Schooling is a legal requirement for children over five years old in Britain and the U.S. (在英國和美國,五歲以上兒童入學受教育是一項法律規定);The driver’s blood-alcohol level was three times the legal limit. (司機的酒測值是法定標準的 3 倍)。然而,legal 更常被用來表示「與法律有關」的意思:the legal profession (法律專業);Taiwan’s legal system (台灣的法律體系);The company intends to take legal action over this matter. (這家公司打算就此事訴諸法律/採取法律行動);You may wish to seek legal advice before signing the contract. (你在簽訂合約之前可能想尋求法律諮詢/想找律師諮詢)。
Legitimate 意為「合法的;正當的;合理的;合乎情理的;婚生的,嫡出的」,意指被法律、習俗、一般信仰和認知所接受的行為和事物,如 the legitimate government (合法政府) — 軍事政變上台的政府儘管握有實權,實際上也統治國家,但有時不被視為 legitimate government;He is the legitimate heir to the property. (他是這筆財產的合法繼承人);Are the premises being used for legitimate business purposes? (這些地產供正當生意目的使用嗎?);Her illness was a legitimate reason for being absent from work. (她生病是沒來上班的正當理由);Did he have a legitimate excuse for being late? (他遲到有正當理由嗎?);He is not the king’s legitimate son. (他不是國王的嫡子/他是國王的庶子)。
Lawful, legal 和 legitimate 的反義詞分別為 unlawful, illegal 和 illegitimate。