中文的「花」就是花,但英文的「花」,並不是全部都叫做 flower,有些花叫做 bloom,另有些花則叫做 blossom。既然英文的花有三字,含意各有不同,實有加以釐清與辨析之必要,否則花非花,霧非霧,此花非彼花,霧裡看花,不管是朦朧還是模糊,終究是英文學習上的一個缺憾!
Bloom 指的是觀賞用的花,用作可數名詞,如玫瑰/薔薇 (rose)、鬱金香 (tulip)、百合 (lily)、菊花 (chrysanthemum) 等等。What beautiful blooms! (多美的花啊!);The plant produces white, yellow, or purple blooms, with dark green foliage. (這植物有深綠色的葉子,開白色、黃色或紫色的花);Peony is the king of all blooms/flowers. (牡丹是百花之王)。這個字主要用於文章或文學作品中。
Bloom 亦可當不可數名詞用,意為「花叢」,且經常與介系詞 in 構成 in (full) bloom (= covered with flowers) 這個意為「盛開著花;開滿了花」的片語,如 We can see the bright bloom of the wild flowers in many places in spring. (春天時我們可以在許多地方看到鮮豔的野花叢);The narcissuses are in full bloom. (水仙花盛開)。
Blossom 指的是樹上,尤其是果樹或者會結果實的灌木上所開的花,如 I’ve never seen apple blossoms. (我從未看過蘋果樹的花);The face of a beauty is often compared in classical Chinese poems to the peach blossom. (在中國古詩中,美人的臉蛋常被比作桃花);There are a lot of blossoms on the cherry trees this year. (今年這些櫻桃樹開了許多花)。
同樣地,blossom 除用作可數名詞外,亦可當不可數名詞用,意為「(一棵樹所開的) 全部花朵」,且經常與介系詞 in 構成 in blossom (= covered with flowers) 這個意為「盛開著花;開滿了花」的片語,如 The pear trees are in blossom. (這些梨樹開滿了花)。
Flower 意為「花,花朵」,是花的泛稱,但通常指會結果實或產生種子的花,在某些特定應用上與 bloom 是同義詞,如上面所舉的 Peony is the king of all blooms/flowers. 即是其中一例;The plant has small red flowers. (這種植物開小紅花)。此外,當可數名詞用的 flower 還意為「花卉;開花植物」,如 I planted a few flowers in the garden last year. (去年我在花園種了一些花);My father’s going to grow flowers in the front garden and vegetables in the back. (我父親要在前園種花卉,在後園種蔬菜)。
再者,flower 亦可當不可數名詞用,且經常與介系詞 in 構成 in flower (= The flowers are open) 這個意為「花開」的片語,The roses are in flower. (玫瑰花正開著);The garden looked extremely beautiful with all the daffodils in flower. (黃水仙花盛開,花園看起來美極了)。
然而,從植物上採摘下來的花或者當成禮物的花,只能用 flower 來表示,不可用 bloom 或 blossom。例如:
- There was a vase of flowers on my desk. (我的書桌上有一瓶花) (正)
There was a vase of blooms/blossoms on my desk. (誤) - Amy’s boyfriend gave her a big bunch of flowers. (艾美的男友送她一大束花) (正)
Amy’s boyfriend gave her a big bunch of blooms/blossoms. (誤) - John hugged Mary and handed her a bouquet of flowers. (約翰擁抱瑪麗,然後遞給她一束花) (正)
John hugged Mary and handed her a bouquet of blooms/blossoms. (誤)