Q:Everyone was tired except John. (除約翰外,大家都累了) 這句為何可以寫成 Everyone except John was tired.,但卻不能寫成 Except John everyone was tired. 呢?

A:except 意為「除了…之外」(這是除去 except 後面所接的人事物,不包括在內)。在學習英文的過程中,相信有不少人被這個字以及與其形義相似、詞類相同 (皆為介系詞) 的 except for 和 excepting 搞得一個頭兩個大。因此,在此將就這三個意思相近、但用法不盡相同的字作一詳盡的說明,讓大家從此不再為其所苦。

首先來看 except 和 except for 用法上的差異:except 後面可以接名詞、代名詞、動詞、副詞、介詞片語或子句,而 except for 僅能接名詞或代名詞;所以,如果它們的後面是接名詞或代名詞,except 和 except for 在大多數情況中都是可以互換的。例如:

  • Everyone was tired except John. (除約翰外,大家都累了) — 接名詞。
  • They all went to the public library last Sunday except him. (除了他之外,上星期天他們都去了公立圖書館) — 接代名詞。
  • Every day Mary does nothing except watch TV. (瑪麗每天除了看電視外什麼事都不做) — 接動詞。

附帶說明:若句子的主動詞為 do/does/did,則 except 後面一般都是接省略 to 的原形動詞,如上句;若主動詞不是 do/does/did,則 except 通常是接帶 to 的不定詞,如 I had no choice except to obey his order. (我除了服從他的命令外別無選擇)。

  • He always goes to work by bike except recently. (除最近外,他都是騎腳踏車上班) — 接副詞。
  • I can take my holidays at any time except in August. (除八月外,我什麼時候休假都可以) — 接介詞片語。
  • I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. (我除了知道他住在我隔壁外,其他事情毫無所悉) — 接子句。
  • My father usually goes to work by motorbike except when it rains. (除下雨天外,我爸爸通常騎機車上班) — 接子句。

再者,

1. 在 all, any, every, no, none, anything, anybody, anyone, everything, everybody, everyone, nobody, nothing 等表示泛指的不定代名詞之後,一般都用 except 而不用 except for。例如:

  • She ate everything on the plate except the carrots. (除胡蘿蔔外,她把盤子裡的東西都吃了)
  • I’ve cleaned all the rooms except the toilet. (除廁所外,所有房間我都清掃了)

2. except 用於表示同類事物之間的關係,而 except for 表示非同類事物的比較。例如:

  • Everyone was tired except John. (除約翰外,大家都累了) — 句中 everyone 和 John 同類。
  • We go to school every day except Sunday. (除星期天外,我們天天上學) — 句中 every day 和 Sunday 同類。
  • Except for one old lady, the bus was empty. (除一位老太太乘坐外,這部公車空無一人) — 句中 old lady 和 bus 不同類。
  • The road was empty except for a few cars. (除了幾輛汽車外,這條路空蕩蕩的) — 句中 road 和 car 不同類。

附帶說明:儘管問題中的例句也可寫成 Everyone was tired except for John.,但根據第 1 和第 2 項敘述,我們還是寫成 Everyone was tired except John. 比較好。

3. except for 可置於句首,但 except 卻不行 — 這就是為何 Everyone was tired except John. 不能寫成 Except John everyone was tired. 的原因;所以,正確的寫法是 Except for John, everyone was tired.。再舉一例:

  • Except for Mike, we are all under 40. (除麥可外,我們均不到40歲)

4. except for 在表示對整體大部分的肯定和對小部分的否定 — 亦即包含大部分,除去小部分。例如:

  • Mr. Lin is a good man except for his bad temper. (除了脾氣不好外,林先生是個好人)
  • Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes. (除了幾處拼字錯誤外,你的作文棒極了)

5. 僅 except for 有「若非;要不是」(= but for) 的意思,except 並無此義。例如:

  • She would have left her husband years ago except for the children. (要不是為了小孩,幾年前她就離開她丈夫了)。
    = She would have left her husband years ago but for the children.
    = She would have left her husband years ago if she had not had the children.
    = But that she had the children, she would have left her husband years ago.

最後來談 excepting。這是個比較正式的用字,可置於句首,其後通常接名詞或代名詞,或用於 not, without, always 等詞之後。例如:

  • Excepting Sundays, the library is open daily. (除星期天外,圖書館天天開放)
  • Dogs are not allowed in the shop, always excepting blind people’s guide dogs. (除了盲人的導盲犬外,其他的狗一律不准帶進那家商店)
  • I think we must keep improving our English not excepting those who have mastered it. (我認為我們必須不斷地增進我們的英語能力,就連那些業已精通英語的人士也不例外)
  • All of us, without excepting those who know more about the subject, should study. (我們所有人都要研究這主題,就連那些比較瞭解這主題的人也不例外)
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