Before 可當介系詞、副詞和連接詞用。在進入主題之前,必須再次強調一點:在寫作中,我們經常會用到 as mentioned above (如上所述,如上面所提及的)、as noted above (如上面所指出的)、as demonstrated above (如上所示)、as shown above (如上所示) 和 as stated above (如上所述,如前所述) 等片語來表示上文、上面或之前所提到的事物,但在這些片語中,不可使用 before 來代替 above。例如:
- As stated above, there is no shortcut for learning English grammar. (如上所述,學習英文文法沒有捷徑) (正)
As stated before, there is no shortcut for learning English grammar. (誤) - As noted above, the government lacks efficiency. (如上面所指出的,這個政府缺乏效率) (正)
As noted before, the government lacks efficiency. (誤)
Before 用作介系詞時意為「在…之前 (earlier than);在…前面 (in front of)」,其後最常接名詞片語來表示在 (某個時間點、事件或行動) 之前、在 (某地點) 前面、在 (某人或某物) 面前、(在列表或一系列物件中) 在…之前。例如:
- I regularly go for a run before breakfast. (我經常在早餐前跑步)
- She got there before me. (她比我先到那裡)
- Turn right about a kilometer before the railway station. (在火車站前約一公里處右轉)
- A few miles before the border the refugees were stopped at an army checkpoint. (難民在距離邊界數英里的一個軍事檢查哨被攔了下來)
- Before the library stood a bronze statue of Chiang Kai-shek. (圖書館前矗立一尊蔣介石銅像)
- John stood up before all his colleagues and asked Mary to marry him. (約翰在所有同事面前站起來向瑪麗求婚)
- The letter U comes before V in the English alphabet. (在英文字母表中,U 排在 V 前面)
- His name comes before mine on the list. (名單上他的名字排在我的前面)
Before 意為 in front of 是一種比較正式的用法,經常後接受格代名詞來表示在某人「前面」的一段時間,但這段時間可能是過去的時間,也可能是未來的時間。例如:
- We have the whole weekend before us – what do you want to do? (我們有整個週末的時間 - 你想做些什麼?)
- Kevin was fifteen years old. He had his whole life before him. (凱文得年 15 歲。這就是他身前的整個人生)
- Brian became a lawyer, like his father before him. (布萊恩克紹箕裘,當了律師)
Before 後接動名詞的結構也頗為常見,這也是一種比較正式的用法。例如:
- Before leaving Tom said goodbye to each of us. (湯姆離開前向我們每個人說再見)
- 比 Before he left, Tom said goodbye to each of us. 更正式。 - You should seek legal advice before signing anything. (在簽字之前,你應該徵詢法律專家的意見)
- 比 You should seek legal advice before you sign anything. 更正式。
Before, by, till/until
Before、by 和 till/until 後接某個時間點都是相當常見的結構。然而,由於 before 和 by 的中文意思都是「在 (某個時間點) 之前」,因此不少人誤以為它們是同義詞,非也!它們所表示的時間含意並不相同。同樣地,till/until 也有「在 (某個時間點) 之前」的意思,但它所表示的是「(做某事) 直到 (某個時間點)」。例如:
- I have to get to the airport before five o’clock. (我必須在 5 點之前到機場) - 這句的含意是:5 點到機場就太遲了,必須在 5 點之前到達。
I have to get to the airport by five o’clock. (我必須在 5 點之前到機場) - 這句的含意是:最遲 5 點必須到機場,5 點是我到機場的最晚時間。 - It must be done before next Friday. (這件事必須在下週五之前完成) - 這句的含意是:下週五完成就太遲了,必須在下週五之前完成。
It must be done by next Friday. (這件事必須在下週五之前完成) - 這句的含意是:最遲在下週五必須完成,下週五是完成這件事的最晚時間。 - I’ll be out of the office till/until 10th October. (10 月 10 日之前我都不在辦公室) - 這句的含意是:10 月 10 日當天我就會在辦公室。
- 這句可視為 not…until 的變形,意為「直到 (某個時間點) (才做某事)」。所以,這句的意思相當於「我要到 10 月 10 日才會在辦公室」。
They’ll stay in Taipei till/until Monday. (他們會在台北一直待到星期一) - 這句的含意是:他們最晚會在台北待到星期一,星期一過後他們就不在台北了。