Deduce 和 deduct 是動詞,而 deducible, deductible 和 deductive 為形容詞。由於拼字只有一個字母之差,如果將這兩個動詞或這三個形容詞放在一起,有人可能就會被搞混了。
Deduce 意為 「推斷,推論,演繹」,如 From the fact that the coffeepot was still warm, we deduced that someone had been in the kitchen not long before. (從咖啡壺仍然溫熱的情況來看,我們推斷不久前有人在廚房)。Deduct 意為 「扣除,減去」(subtract),如 The cost of the breakages will be deducted from your pay. (損壞東西的費用將從你的薪資中扣除)。
然而,deduct 現在也開始出現在應該使用 deduce 的情況中,如 What did Darwin deduct from the presence of these species in the Galapagos? (達爾文從加拉帕哥斯群島那些物種的存在推斷出了什麼呢?)。雖然字義的變化可能在進展中,但在此強烈建議,讓 deduce 和 deduct 橋歸橋,路歸路,前者走它的陽關道,即用作「推斷」的意思,而後者過它的獨木橋,即用作「扣除」的意思。再者,這兩個動詞後面的介系詞都是用 from。
Deduction 為 deduce 和 deduct 共有的名詞,所以它意為「推斷,推論;扣除,扣除額」,如 Her deduction that he was now dead was correct. (她認為他已經死了的推斷是正確的);Your salary will be about NTD 50,000 a month after all deductions. (扣除各項應扣款之後,你的月薪約為台幣 5 萬元)。
Deducible 是 deduce 的形容詞,意為「可推斷的」,如 There is no deducible connection between these two cases. (這兩個案件之間沒有任何可推論的關連)。Deductible 是 deduct 的形容詞,意為「可扣除的,可減免的」,如 deductible expenses (可減免的費用)。
至於 deductive 呢?別以為 deduct… 這樣的字型就是 deduct 的形容詞,其實它也是 deduce 的形容詞,意為「推斷的,推理的,演繹的」,如 the deductive process (推理過程);deductive reasoning (演繹推理;演繹法)。