Q:The driver of the red car was just starting the car when a black one came up very quickly. 這句中的過去進行式 "was starting" 表示什麼意義?

A:這種句子我們可以稱之為「過去的未來式」(future in the past);它是用來表示在過去你認為某事未來會發生。至於你的想法或看法是否正確則不重要。「過去的未來式」先前已有解說,但現在看來似乎還不夠完整,因此剛好利用這一題來做個完整的敘述或補充。在英文中,用來表示「過去的未來式」的字或片語有下列幾個,它們大多用於主要子句的動詞為簡單過去式的受詞子句 (名詞子句) 中。

1. would + 原形動詞 (相對於一般的未來式:will + 原形動詞 — 以下的情況亦同,亦即只要將這些表示過去的未來式的字或片語改為現在式,那麼它們就是一般的未來式)

  • Today she called me that she would go abroad to study soon. (她今天打電話給我說她很快就要出國留學)
  • We wanted to know when we would start the opening ceremony. (我們想知道我們什麼時候舉行開幕式) — 這句中 when 所引導的子句是名詞子句而非副詞子句。在以 when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if 和 unless 等開頭的副詞子句或時間子句中,不能使用 would 或 was/were going to,而要用簡單過去式來表示「過去的未來式」,如同在這些子句中要使用簡單現在式來表示一般的未來式一樣。例如,在 I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. (我已告訴馬克,當他到達時,我們要外出吃晚餐) 這句中,arrive 前的 would 必須拿掉,否則便錯了,因為 when he… 這句是時間副詞子句,不能有 would 或 was/were going to 等字眼。

2. was/were going to + 原形動詞

  • She said she was going to see her mother next week. (她說她下週要去看她媽媽)

3. was/were about to + 原形動詞;was/were on the point of + V-ing (通常不帶時間副詞)

  • We were about to get home, when it began to rain cats and dogs. (我們快要/正要到家的時候下起了傾盆大雨) — 注意:”was/were about to + 原形動詞” 的否定式 “was/were not about to + 原形動詞” 並非「即將不」的意思,而是「很不願意」(be very unwilling to),如 I was not about to lend you any more money. (我不想再借錢給你了)
  • I was on the point of leaving when the phone rang. (我正要離開時,電話鈴響了)

4. was/were to + 原形動詞 (表示過去安排或計劃好的即將發生的動作;可帶時間副詞)

  • I told you yesterday that I was to see Mary. (我昨天告訴你我要去見瑪麗) — 注意:was/were to 後面若接完成式,那就表示原先計畫好的事情沒有實現,如 They were to have picked strawberries this morning, but the torrential overnight rain made the field too muddy. (他們原本計畫今晨去採草莓,但昨夜的豪大雨使草莓田一片泥濘 — 所以,實際上他們並沒有去採草莓)。

5. arrive, begin, come, end, go, leave, start 等動詞的簡單過去式可表示過去安排或計畫好的未來的動作。

  • He said the next new school year began on September 1. (他說下一個新學年九月一日開始)
  • She informed me the meeting ended next Saturday. (她通知我會議將在下星期六結束)

6. arrive, begin, come, go, leave, start, drive, fly, stay 等動詞的過去進行式可表示過去即將發生的動作 — 相對於使用現在進行式來表示不久的將來 (in the near future) 要發生的事。

  • My aunt called me that she was coming to see me. (我阿姨打電話給我說她要來看我)
  • He asked her if they were leaving there. (他問她他們是不是要離開那裡)

根據上述,這位讀者的問題就是第 6 項所述的 arrive, begin, come, go, leave, start, drive, fly, stay 等動詞的過去進行式可表示過去即將發生的動作,因此 was just starting 意為「剛要啟動 (車子)」,而整句的意思是「紅車的司機剛要啟動車子,一輛黑車突然飛速開來」。

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