用過去式指現在的時間

在英文中,為了表示禮貌或使語氣比較沒有那麼直接,有時會使用過去式來指現在的時間。我們通常使用 hope、think、want 和 wonder 等動詞來達成這項目的。在這種句子中,動詞可能是過去簡單式或是過去進行式,後者更有禮貌。例如:

  • I was hoping you had a job. (我希望你有工作) - 沒有 I hope you have a job. 那麼直接。
  • I was having problems with my computer and I was just wondering if you could fix them for me. (我的電腦出了問題,我只是想知道你是否能幫我修復) - 沒有 I have a problem with my computer and I wonder if you could fix it for me. 那麼直接。I was just wondering if …這個句型經常可見,宜牢記。
  • Would you give this book to Simon, please? (請你把這本書拿給賽蒙,好嗎?) - 沒有 Will you give this book to Simon, please? 那麼直接,而且比較有禮貌。
  • I wanted to ask you a question. (我想問你一個問題)

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Q:A is a city of this country. 為甚麼不能用 in 取代 of? 兩者有何分別?

有個網友提出下列用法問題,標題只是其中之一,由於剛好有時間回答得比較完整,因此特別挪到本文來跟大家分享。第一個問題第 2 句中的 want 應為 wanted 之誤,因此在其後以 sic 斜體加括弧來表示原文如此或原文照抄:

『有幾個簡單問題想請教一下,
1. I always want to do something.
2. I’ve always want (sic) to do something.
請問 always 在以上兩個不同時態中有甚麼分別?

1. I learn English by listening to radio.
2. I listen to radio to learn English.
兩句都是正確嗎? 哪一句較合乎文法, 或較常見?

A is a city of this country.
為甚麼不能用 in 取代 of? 兩者有何分別?
謝謝!』

Ans:

  1. Always 會因時態的不同而有不同的含意,尤其是在現在進行式和過去進行式中,係表示對某人「老是」做同一惱人的動作或事情感到厭煩。在現在式中,always 意為「總是」,而在現在完成式 (have wanted) 中則意為從過去某一時間點到現在「一直」怎樣怎樣。
  2. I learn English by listening to radio. 和 I listen to radio to learn English. 都對且都合乎文法 (radio 前面須有 the),但含意不同,雖然前者比後者常見,但由於含意不同,這樣的比較似乎有點不倫不類。I learn English by listening to the radio. 是表示學英文的方式是聽收音機 (不是閱讀英文用法書籍或收看 CNN 節目等等),但聽收音機不一定是要學英文,而 I listen to the radio to learn English. 是表示聽收音機的目的是學英文,所以聽收音機一定是要學英文,不會去聽歌或聽新聞報導 (如果這些歌或新聞都跟英文無關的話)。
  3. 誰說這裡不能用 in,而且用 in 跟用 of 的比例可能是 8:2 或 9:1,如 Taipei is a city IN Taiwan 比 Taipei is a city OF Taiwan 常見多了。Of 是表示一種所有或附屬關係,但一個城市既然位在某個國家境內,當然屬於該國家。不過,目前筆者所能想到的一種情況卻不是這樣,亦即,雖然用 in,但並沒有所有或附屬關係,如 Vatican City is in Rome; Vatican used to be part of the City of Rome. 梵諦岡位在羅馬境內,但不屬於羅馬,不過以前是羅馬這個城市的一部份。

過去進行式

句型

was/were + 現在分詞

例句:

  • I was studying when Anna called. (安娜來電時我正在唸書)
  • Were you studying when Brenda called? (布蘭達來電時你正在唸書嗎?)
  • He was not studying when Frank called. (法蘭克來電時他沒有在唸書)

用法之一:過去進行式的動作發生在過去簡單式的動作之前

過去進行式係用來表示該動作發生在過去簡單式的動作之前且一直持續到過去簡單式的動作發生時,而在過去簡單式的動作發生時,該動作可能就結束了,亦可能仍在進行中。

例句:

  • I was watching TV when Sam called. (山姆來電時,我正在看電視)
  • When the phone rang, I was writing a letter. (電話響起時,我正在寫信)
  • While they were having the picnic, it started to rain. (他們正在野餐時,天就下起雨來了)
  • What were you doing when the earthquake started? (地震發生時,你正在做什麼呢?)
  • I was listening to my iPod, so I didn’t hear the fire alarm. (當時我正在聽 iPod,所以沒有聽到火災警報)
  • You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the air conditioner off. (我叫你關掉冷氣時,你沒有聽見)
  • While Mary was sleeping last night, someone stole her car. (昨晚瑪麗在睡覺時,有人偷了她的車子)
  • Paul was waiting for us when we got off the plane. (我們下機時,保羅正在等我們)
  • While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. (我在寫電子郵件時,電腦突然當機了)
  • A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? (你摔斷腿時正在做什麼呢?)
    B: I was skateboarding. (我正在溜滑板)

用法之二:過去進行式的動作發生在過去某個時間點之前

在用法之一中,過去進行式的動作是發生在過去簡單式的動作之前。然而,過去進行式的動作亦可能發生在過去某個特定時間點之前。

例句:

  • Last night at 7 PM, I was eating dinner. (昨晚七點我正在吃晚餐)
  • At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. (午夜時我們還在開車經過沙漠)
  • Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. (昨天這個時候我正坐在公司的辦公桌前)

重點提示

在過去簡單式中,某個特定時間點是用來表示某個動作的開始或結束,但在過去進行式中,某個特定時間點係表示某個動作在該時間點還在進行中。

例句:

  • Last night at 7 PM, I ate dinner. (昨晚我七點吃晚餐) - 我昨晚七點開始吃晚餐
  • Last night at 7 PM, I was eating dinner. (昨晚七點我正在吃晚餐) - 昨晚我在七點之前開始吃晚餐,而在七點時,我還在用餐中。

用法之三:過去同時進行中的動作

同一句中的兩個動作若都是過去進行式,則表示這兩個動作同時發生。

例句:

  • My girlfriend was making dinner while I was studying. (我在唸書時,我女友正在做晚餐)
  • While Allen was surfing the Internet, Tim was watching television. (艾倫在上網時,提姆正在看電視)
  • Were you listening while he was talking? (他在講話時,你有在聽嗎?)
  • I wasn’t paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. (我在寫信時不專心,所以有幾個地方寫錯)
  • Cindy wasn’t working, and I wasn’t working either. (辛蒂沒有在工作,我也沒有在工作)
  • They were eating dinner, gossiping, and having a good time. (他們一邊吃晚餐,一邊聊八卦,過得很愉快)

用法之四:氣氛 (atmosphere)

在英文中,我們經常使用一連串同時發生的動作來敘述過去某一特定時間的氣氛。

例句:

  • When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. (當我走進辦公室時,有幾個人正忙著打字,有些人正在講電話,老闆正大吼大叫下達指示,而客戶正等著被服務。有個客戶對著一名秘書大聲小叫還比手劃腳。其他客戶則你一言我一語抱怨服務差)

用法之五:與 always 或 constantly 等字連用來表示過去某一令人厭煩、不悅、惱怒或驚訝的事情經常發生

當過去進行式與 always, constantly 或 forever 等字連用時,它是在表示過去某一令人厭煩、不悅、惱怒或驚訝的事情經常發生。注意:它的語意與 “used to” 非常相似,但卻是在表達負面的情緒。記得要將 always, constantly 或 forever 置於 BE 動詞和 V-ing 之間。

例句:

  • Kate was always coming to class late. (凱特上課老是遲到)
  • Henry was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. (亨利老是嘰哩聒拉講個不停。他惹惱了每個人)
  • I didn’t like them because they were always complaining. (我不喜歡他們,因為他們老是抱怨東抱怨西的)

While vs. When

在過去動詞時態中,when 子句幾乎都使用過去簡單式,而 while 子句通常使用過去進行式。while 意為「當…的時候」,它與 when 的意思相近,但強調句子不同的部分。

例句:

  • I was studying when she called. (她來電時,我正在唸書)
  • While I was studying, she called. (我在唸書時,她打電話來)

切記非進行式動詞及若干混合動詞的非進行式用法

切記非進行式動詞不能用於任何進行式時態。再者,若干非進行式含意
的混合動詞亦不能用於進行式。對於這些不能用過去進行式的動詞,我們必須使用過去簡單式。

例句:

  • Anna was being at my house when you arrived. (當你到達時,安娜正在我家) (誤)
  • Anna was at my house when you arrived. (當你到達時,安娜正在我家) (正)

副詞的位置

always, usually, only, never, ever, still, just 等副詞通常位在 BE 動詞的後面。

例句:

  • I was still studying when she called. (她來電時,我還在唸書)
  • They were still eating dinner when Bill arrived. (比爾到達時,他們還在吃晚餐)

主動態/被動態

例句:

  • The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. (小偷進入店裡時,店員正在為顧客服務) - 主動態
  • The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. (小偷進入店裡時,顧客正在被店員服務) - 被動態

Q:The driver of the red car was just starting the car when a black one came up very quickly. 這句中的過去進行式 "was starting" 表示什麼意義?

A:這種句子我們可以稱之為「過去的未來式」(future in the past);它是用來表示在過去你認為某事未來會發生。至於你的想法或看法是否正確則不重要。「過去的未來式」先前已有解說,但現在看來似乎還不夠完整,因此剛好利用這一題來做個完整的敘述或補充。在英文中,用來表示「過去的未來式」的字或片語有下列幾個,它們大多用於主要子句的動詞為簡單過去式的受詞子句 (名詞子句) 中。

1. would + 原形動詞 (相對於一般的未來式:will + 原形動詞 — 以下的情況亦同,亦即只要將這些表示過去的未來式的字或片語改為現在式,那麼它們就是一般的未來式)

  • Today she called me that she would go abroad to study soon. (她今天打電話給我說她很快就要出國留學)
  • We wanted to know when we would start the opening ceremony. (我們想知道我們什麼時候舉行開幕式) — 這句中 when 所引導的子句是名詞子句而非副詞子句。在以 when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if 和 unless 等開頭的副詞子句或時間子句中,不能使用 would 或 was/were going to,而要用簡單過去式來表示「過去的未來式」,如同在這些子句中要使用簡單現在式來表示一般的未來式一樣。例如,在 I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. (我已告訴馬克,當他到達時,我們要外出吃晚餐) 這句中,arrive 前的 would 必須拿掉,否則便錯了,因為 when he… 這句是時間副詞子句,不能有 would 或 was/were going to 等字眼。

2. was/were going to + 原形動詞

  • She said she was going to see her mother next week. (她說她下週要去看她媽媽)

3. was/were about to + 原形動詞;was/were on the point of + V-ing (通常不帶時間副詞)

  • We were about to get home, when it began to rain cats and dogs. (我們快要/正要到家的時候下起了傾盆大雨) — 注意:”was/were about to + 原形動詞” 的否定式 “was/were not about to + 原形動詞” 並非「即將不」的意思,而是「很不願意」(be very unwilling to),如 I was not about to lend you any more money. (我不想再借錢給你了)
  • I was on the point of leaving when the phone rang. (我正要離開時,電話鈴響了)

4. was/were to + 原形動詞 (表示過去安排或計劃好的即將發生的動作;可帶時間副詞)

  • I told you yesterday that I was to see Mary. (我昨天告訴你我要去見瑪麗) — 注意:was/were to 後面若接完成式,那就表示原先計畫好的事情沒有實現,如 They were to have picked strawberries this morning, but the torrential overnight rain made the field too muddy. (他們原本計畫今晨去採草莓,但昨夜的豪大雨使草莓田一片泥濘 — 所以,實際上他們並沒有去採草莓)。

5. arrive, begin, come, end, go, leave, start 等動詞的簡單過去式可表示過去安排或計畫好的未來的動作。

  • He said the next new school year began on September 1. (他說下一個新學年九月一日開始)
  • She informed me the meeting ended next Saturday. (她通知我會議將在下星期六結束)

6. arrive, begin, come, go, leave, start, drive, fly, stay 等動詞的過去進行式可表示過去即將發生的動作 — 相對於使用現在進行式來表示不久的將來 (in the near future) 要發生的事。

  • My aunt called me that she was coming to see me. (我阿姨打電話給我說她要來看我)
  • He asked her if they were leaving there. (他問她他們是不是要離開那裡)

根據上述,這位讀者的問題就是第 6 項所述的 arrive, begin, come, go, leave, start, drive, fly, stay 等動詞的過去進行式可表示過去即將發生的動作,因此 was just starting 意為「剛要啟動 (車子)」,而整句的意思是「紅車的司機剛要啟動車子,一輛黑車突然飛速開來」。

Q:when 和 while 在引導時間副詞子句時,它們的用法有何不同呢?

A:在 when 和 while 所引導的時間副詞子句中,when 子句的動詞可以為延續性動詞或非延續性動詞,但 while 子句的動詞必須是延續性動詞。因此,當 when 子句的動詞為延續性動詞時,when 可與 while 互換,這時主要子句的動作和時間副詞子句的動作是同時發生的。以 I often missed my home a lot when I was abroad. (我在國外時常常很想家) 為例,在這句中,when 可用 while 來代替,意思不變。但在 When they came home, I was cooking dinner. (他們回家時,我正在煮晚餐) 這句中,由於 came 是瞬間動詞,所以不能用 while 來代替 when。這是 when 和 while 用法的主要差異之一。

when 和 while 用法的另一差異是:when 子句的動詞通常為過去簡單式,而 while 子句的動詞往往是過去進行式。這牽涉到 when 或 while 子句的動詞與主要子句的動詞之動作發生的時間先後關係。一般而言,當 when 子句的動詞與主要子句的動詞都是過去簡單式時,when 子句的動作較早發生,此時 when 相當於 after。舉例來說,Mary stood under a tree when it began to rain. 這句是說瑪麗站在樹下這個動作是發生在下雨之後 (她一定淋到雨);如果句子改成 When Mary stood under a tree, it began to rain.,那麼這是說瑪麗站在樹下之後,雨才開始下 (她沒有淋到雨 — 如果樹葉可以遮雨的話)。弄懂這種動作發生的時間先後關係,可讓我們正確而清楚地瞭解或判斷兩個動作發生的先後順序。再舉一例:When the film ended, people walked out of the theater. (電影結束後,觀眾走出戲院)。

如果 when 子句的動詞為過去簡單式,而主要子句的動詞為過去進行式,那麼儘管一般文法書大都稱這兩個動作是同時發生,但其實不然。例如:

  • I was enjoying my dinner when my wife came home.
    = While I was enjoying my dinner, my wife came home. (我太太回家時,我正在吃晚餐)

從這句可知,吃晚餐的動作發生的時間比回家的時間還早,因為在我太太回家之前我就開始吃晚餐了,她回家之後,我還繼續在吃,所以充其量我們僅能說這兩個動作只有在她回家的那個瞬間 (即 when 子句之動作發生的瞬間) 同時發生。因此,過去進行式的動作一定比過去簡單式還要早發生;而在這種句型中,when 子句的動詞都是用瞬間動詞。

最後來討論如何表達同時在進行的兩個動作:主要子句和時間副詞子句都用過去進行式;當然,根據上述,我們要用 while 來引導時間副詞子句,而兩個子句的動詞必須皆為延續性動詞。例如:

  • While I was studying in one room of our dormitory, my roommate was having a party in the other room.
    = I was studying in one room of our dormitory while my roommate was having a party in the other room. (當我在宿舍的一個房間唸書時,我的室友正在另一房間開舞會)

Q: I told you he was going to come to the party. 這句明明是過去式,為何使用表示未來的 be going to 呢?

A:類似 I told you he was going to come to the party. (我告訴你他會來參加聚會) 這樣的句子,我們可以稱之為「過去的未來式」(future in the past);它們是用來表示在過去某個時間點你認為某事未來會發生。至於你的想法或看法是否正確則不重要。這種句型在英文中頗為常見。茲將它們的幾個重點敘述如下:

1. 與簡單未來式 (simple future) 一樣,「過去的未來式」有兩個不同的型態:would 和 was/were going to。

  • I told him I would help him later. (我告訴他稍後會協助他)
  • I knew John was secretly going to meet Jane after the party. (我知道約翰將在聚會後偷偷地和珍見面)

2. 「過去的未來式」遵守簡單未來式的基本用法規則,即 would 的基本用法與 will 一樣,而 was/were going to 的基本用法與 am/is/are going to 相同。

  • He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. (他承諾會從埃及寄來明信片)
  • I had a feeling (that) the vacation was going to be a disaster. (我覺得這個假期將是一場災難)

3. 與所有未來式一樣,「過去的未來式」不能用在以 when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if 和 unless 等開頭的副詞子句或時間子句中,亦即在這些子句中不能使用 would/will/be going to。

  • I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. (我已經告訴馬克,在他到達時,我們將外出吃晚餐) (正)
  • I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. (誤)
  • Sally asked if I was going to go to class late. (莎莉問我上課是否會遲到) (正) — 在這句中,if (= whether) 所引導的子句是名詞子句而非副詞子句。

此外,由於在英文中我們可以使用現在進行式來表示不久的將來 (in the near future) 要發生的事件,所以「過去的未來式」亦有可能以過去進行式的型態出現。例如,下面兩句也是「過去的未來式」:

  • She was aware of the fact that we were meeting after class. (她知道我們下課後要碰面)
  • I told my mom I was having dinner with some friends after work. (我告訴我媽媽下班後要跟一些朋友聚餐)

Q:She is always coming to class late. 這句的語意為何?

A:這句的意思是「她上課老是遲到」。這是英文一種滿特別的句型。

當現在進行式與 always 或 constantly 等字連用時,它是在表示某一令人厭煩、不悅、惱怒或驚訝的事情經常發生。注意:它的語意與簡單現在式非常相似,但卻是在表達負面的情緒。記得要將 always 或 constantly 置於 BE 動詞 和 V-ing 之間。例如:

  • He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. (他老是嘰哩聒拉講個不停。我希望他閉嘴)
  • I don’t like them because they are always complaining. (我不喜歡他們,因為他們老是抱怨東抱怨西的)

同樣地,當過去進行式與 always 或 constantly 等字連用時,它是在表示過去某一令人厭煩、不悅、惱怒或驚訝的事情經常發生。注意:它的語意與 used to (表示過去的習慣性動作 — 但現在已不存在) 非常相似,但卻是在表達負面的情緒。記得要將 always 或 constantly 置於 BE 動詞 和 V-ing 之間。例如:

  • She was always coming to class late. (她上課老是遲到)
  • He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. (他老是嘰哩聒拉講個不停。他讓每個人感到困擾)
  • I didn’t like them because they were always complaining. (我不喜歡他們,因為他們老是抱怨東抱怨西的)