Alone (adj., adv.), lonely (adj.), lonesome (adj., n.)

這三個字在形容詞用法上有時會讓人混淆,導致錯誤情況的發生,因此有必要予以釐清,以免重蹈覆轍。

Alone 可當形容詞和副詞用,是指獨自一人,沒有同伴或其他人,是一種客觀的狀態,也就是獨自一人的狀態。Alone 當形容詞時意為「單獨的,獨自的」,只能用在 BE 動詞後面當主詞補語,不可用在名詞前面當修飾語,亦即它是個表語形容詞 (predicative adjectives),如 John is alone at home. (約翰獨自一人在家);We were alone together last night. (昨晚我們享受了兩人世界);Teresa is not alone in this idea. (有這種想法的不只泰瑞莎一個人而已)。

Alone 用作副詞修飾動詞時,須放在動詞後面,意為「單獨地,獨自地」;若修飾名詞或代名詞,則放在名詞或代名詞之後,意為「只有,僅僅」。總而言之,alone 用作副詞修飾動詞、名詞或代名詞時,須放在這些詞類的後面,如 I decided to go swimming alone. (我決定獨自去游泳);He likes to work alone. (他喜歡獨自一人工作);The rent alone is NT$5,000. (光是房租就要台幣五千元)。

Lonely 僅當形容詞用,意為「孤單的,孤獨的;孤寂的,寂寞的」,是指孤獨寂寞、是一種主觀的感覺,如 Sam had a lonely childhood. (山姆有個孤單的童年);When her husband died, she was very lonely. (先生死後,她非常孤獨);He has been very lonely since his wife left him. (自從他太太離開他之後,他一直非常孤寂);Peter must feel very lonely because all his family are in the U.S. (彼得的家人都在美國,他一定感到很孤獨);Monica is alone but she doesn’t feel lonely. (莫妮卡獨自一人,但她並不感到孤獨)。

Lonesome 為美式英語,當形容詞用時與 lonely 為同義詞,不過它的淒涼意味比較濃厚,如 Harvey gets lonesome now that all the kids have left home. = Harvey gets lonely now that all the kids have left home. (現在孩子們都離開了家,哈維感到孤獨)。

Lonesome 當名詞用時意為「自己,本人」,是個不可數名詞,但只用在 (all) by one’s lonesome 這個副詞片語中。By one’s lonesome 大多用於口語,意為「單獨地,獨自地」,就是副詞 alone 的意思。雖然在絕大部分字典中都找不到 lonesome 的名詞用法,但這不表示它沒有這項用法,因為從 by one’s lonesome 的結構可以百分之百確定它亦可當名詞用,如 She went walking by her lonesome. (她獨自去散步);The old man is sitting home all by his lonesome. (那個老人獨自一人坐在家裡)。

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