Adverse 意為「相反的,逆向的;反對的,敵對的;不利的,有害的」,如 Adverse winds hinder ships. (逆風使船隻受阻);The drug has so far had no adverse effect on patients. (這種藥物迄今還沒有對病人產生不良作用)。adverse 經常與介系詞 to 連用,如 The judgment was adverse to the defendant. (判決對被告不利)。
Averse 意為「反對的;不願意的;厭惡的」,亦與介系詞 to 連用來表示「反對的」意思,但其含意主要是在表示「不願意的;厭惡的」:I would not be averse to taking a drink now and then. (我不反對偶爾喝一杯);He was averse to entering the contest. (他不願參加比賽)。
這兩個形容詞雖然都與 to 連用且都有「反對的」意思,但兩者的用法卻有頗為明顯的區別。adverse 通常指事物,鮮少指人,且常常位在它所修飾的 (抽象) 名詞前面:We are now in adverse conditions. (我們目前處於逆境);The expedition encountered adverse weather conditions. (探險隊遇到了不利的氣候條件);The proposal has attracted a lot of adverse comment. (這項建議招來許多非難);The policy has attracted a lot of adverse criticism. (這項政策招來許多不利的批評);These working conditions are adverse to efficiency. (這些工作條件對效率有害)。
Averse 大多用在否定結構中,通常指人,且不可放在它所修飾的名詞前面,其後可接介系詞 to 和 from,但現代的用法幾乎都是接 to:Her father is not averse to using violence. (她父親不反對使用暴力);I don’t smoke cigarettes, but I’m not averse to (having) the occasional cigar. (我不抽菸,但我不反對偶爾抽一支雪茄);As an investor I’m averse to risk-taking. (身為投資人,我反對冒險)。經濟和金融財務領域常用的 risk averse 或 risk-averse 顯然與此有關;這個形容詞意為「反對冒險的;只願意承擔小風險的」,其作法或目的當然是在規避投資的風險。
最後要提的是,adverse 的重音可以在第一或第二音節,但以在第一音節的情況較常見,而 averse 的重音永遠在第二音節。