A:連字號都用在複合名詞、複合形容詞和字首 (prefix) 中:
複合名詞
大多數的複合名詞都被寫成兩個字 — 不過,這並非硬性規定:hyphen usage (連字號用法),swimming pool (游泳池),driving license (駕照),human being (人類),contact lens (隱形眼鏡)。
在通常以連字號連接的複合名詞中,最常見者包括 passer-by (過路人,這個字現在也寫成 passerby),dry-cleaning (乾洗),X-ray ( X光),mother-in-law (岳母;婆婆) 和 daughter-in-law (媳婦) 等,pen-friend (筆友),T-shirt (T恤),parent-teacher association (家長教師聯誼會,簡稱 PTA),do-it-yourself (自己動手做)。
當複合名詞被用作形容詞時,它們通常加連字號。試比較下列兩句:
- The afternoon was so hot that I decided to go to the open-air swimming pool. I love to eat in the open air in the summer. (下午太熱了,所以我決定到室外游泳池游泳。夏天時我喜歡在室外或露天用餐)
- Air traffic was so dense that afternoon that air-traffic control could hardly cope. (那天下午的空中交通太密集了,所以空中或航空交通管制差點無法應付)
複合形容詞
大多數的複合形容詞都是由兩個字或有時三個字所構成,而這些字之間通常會使用連字號,下面為一些常見的複合形容詞及經常與其搭配的名詞:a clear-cut decision (明確的決定),a far-fetched explanation (牽強的解釋),a low-cut dress (低胸的洋裝),a free-and-easy relationship (隨便的關係),an off-hand remark (隨口說出的話),cold-blooded murder (冷血、殘忍的謀殺),an all-out effort (全力以赴),a deep-sea diver (深海潛水伕),full-time staff (專職職員),a jet-black sky (烏黑的天空),snow-white shoes (雪白的鞋子)。
注意:雖然複合形容詞在修飾名詞 (放在名詞的前面) 時都會加連字號,但在作主詞補語時通常不用連字號。試比較下面的句子:
- The products on the shelves were out of date and had to be withdrawn. (貨架上的產品已經過時,必須收回)
- His out-of-date argument gathered little support. (他過時的論調難獲支持)
- Out-of-work policemen often find employment as security guards, but it is not so easy for teachers who are out of work to find other jobs. (失業的警察經常會找到當保全人員的工作,但失業的教師要找到其他工作就沒有這麼容易了)
字首
co-, non- 和 ex- 這三個字首有時使用連字號與其後的名詞、形容詞或動詞連接:
- Non-profit-making organizations are non-existent in this country. (沒有獲利的公司無法在這個國家生存)
- His co-operation in the co-production was much appreciated. (他在聯合生產方面的合作深獲感激)