Credence, credibility, credulity (nn.), credible, creditable, credulous (adjs.)

如標題所示,在這些字當中,credence、credibility 和 credulity 是名詞,而 credible、creditable 和 credulous 為形容詞。這些字的第一音節 “e”,除了 credence 是發 “frEE” 的音外,其餘都是發 “bEd” 的音。這六個字的字根都是來自拉丁動詞 credere (to believe「相信」)。

Credence 是個正式字,意為「相信;信任」。它大多以 give credence to (相信) 這個慣用語的形式出現,如 I gave no credence to his stories. (我不相信他所說的話);The public does not give much credence to the government’s promises. (民眾不太相信政府的承諾)。

Credibility 意為「可信度;可靠性」,如 If we don’t keep our promises, we’ll lose credibility with the public. (如果我們不遵守諾言,我們將失去民眾的信任)。由這個字所組成的幾個片語都很常見:public credibility (公信力);credibility gap (信用差距) - 亦即講一套做一套。如果某位總統選前說得天花亂墜,承諾這個、保證那個,但當選後又換了一副嘴臉,完全不是那麼回事,那麼他顯然就是 have an enormous credibility gap。
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Deceitful, deceptive (adjs.)

這兩個形容詞乍看之下宛若同義詞,但仔細探究它們在上下文中的應用,我們會發現它們的含意還是有差別的,因此有必要加以區分。Deceitful 意為 「欺詐的,不誠實的,騙人的;誤導的」,如 No one will trust a deceitful person. (沒有人會相信愛騙人的人)。Deceptive 意為「欺騙的,虛假的;誤導的,使人弄錯的」,如 Appearances are often deceptive. (知人知面不知心)。

然而,deceitful 有比較強烈的故意騙人或誤導的意圖 - 即使未成功 - 因此帶有負面的含意,如 It was deceitful of you to pretend to be an orphan. (你假裝是孤兒是騙人的行徑)。Deceptive 則強調誤導的效果或結果,但可能有,也可能沒有不誠實或故意的動機,如 She seems to have a lot of confidence, but appearances are sometimes deceptive. (她似乎很有信心,但只看外表往往靠不住/使人弄錯)。
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Deduce, deduct (vv.), deduction (n.), deducible, deductible, deductive (adjs.)

Deduce 和 deduct 是動詞,而 deducible, deductible 和 deductive 為形容詞。由於拼字只有一個字母之差,如果將這兩個動詞或這三個形容詞放在一起,有人可能就會被搞混了。

Deduce 意為 「推斷,推論,演繹」,如 From the fact that the coffeepot was still warm, we deduced that someone had been in the kitchen not long before. (從咖啡壺仍然溫熱的情況來看,我們推斷不久前有人在廚房)。Deduct 意為 「扣除,減去」(subtract),如 The cost of the breakages will be deducted from your pay. (損壞東西的費用將從你的薪資中扣除)。

然而,deduct 現在也開始出現在應該使用 deduce 的情況中,如 What did Darwin deduct from the presence of these species in the Galapagos? (達爾文從加拉帕哥斯群島那些物種的存在推斷出了什麼呢?)。雖然字義的變化可能在進展中,但在此強烈建議,讓 deduce 和 deduct 橋歸橋,路歸路,前者走它的陽關道,即用作「推斷」的意思,而後者過它的獨木橋,即用作「扣除」的意思。再者,這兩個動詞後面的介系詞都是用 from。
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Distinct, distinctive (adjs.)

這兩個形容詞經常被搞混。Distinct 意為「截然不同的,有所區別的;清楚的,清晰的,明白的,明顯的」,如 The word has several distinct meanings. (這個字有幾個不同的意思);a distinct smell of burning (一股明顯的焚燒氣味)。

Distinct 經常跟介系詞 from 連用,並構成我們常見的片語 as distinct from (意為「俾與…有所區別」),如 The rule only applies to nationals of the country, as distinct from foreign visitors. (這項規定僅適用於本國國民,以便和來訪的外國人有所區別)。它的副詞 distinctly 也很常見,尤其是用在類似下面的例句中:I distinctly (= clearly, vividly) remember the day we first met. (我還清楚地記得我們初次見面的那一天)。

Distinctive 意為「有特色的,有特性的,特殊的」,如 a distinctive flavor. (特殊的味道);Beer has a very distinctive smell; it’s quite distinct from the smell of wine. (啤酒有一種很特殊的氣味,它與葡萄酒的氣味截然不同)。

Disease, illness, sickness (nn.)

Disease 通常指具體、往往會影響特定身體部位的疾病,也就是那些可以染上或傳染,由細菌或病毒所導致的疾病;此外,醫學研究或醫學上所稱的各種疾病通常也是用 disease 這個字。

Disease 可當可數名詞和不可數名詞用,後者是指疾病的總稱,如 heart disease (心臟病)、lung disease (肺病)、skin disease (皮膚病)、a sexually transmitted disease (STD,性病)、contagious/infectious diseases (傳染病);Many diseases are caused by bacteria. (許多疾病是由細菌所引起);Arthritis is a chronic disease. (關節炎是一種慢性病);Tuberculosis is a very serious disease. (肺結核是一種非常嚴重的疾病);Rats spread disease. (老鼠傳染疾病)。
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Fee, fare (nn.)

這兩個可數名詞雖然都是指「費用」,但它們的含意其實截然不同。Fee 通常是指專業服務或諮詢所索取的費用,如 lawyer’s fees (律師費)、doctor’s fees (醫師費) 或 counseling fees (諮詢費)。請看下面的例句:

  • International school fees have risen by 5% this year. (今年國際的學費已上揚 5%)
  • I have to pay the solicitor’s fees for helping me make a will. (我須支付律師協助我立遺囑所需的費用)
  • What are the fees for a weekly house cleaning service? (每週的房子打掃服務費是多少呢?)

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Ingenious, ingenuous (adjs.), ingenuity, ingenuousness (nn.)

這兩組字有時會讓人搞混。Ingenious 意為「富有創意的,有發明才能的 (inventive);足智多謀的,巧妙的,靈巧的 (clever)」,如 What an ingenious gadget! (多麼巧妙的小玩意兒啊!);an ingenious person/idea/excuse (頭腦機靈的人/別出心裁的主意/巧妙的藉口)。

Ingenuous 的意思是「(人或行為) 單純的,天真的 (innocent, naive);坦率的 (frank, candid)」,如 Mike is the most ingenuous in his class. (麥可是他班上最天真的學生);an ingenuous smile (純真的微笑)。 閱讀全文

Perverse (adj.), perversity, perversion (nn.), pervert (n., v.), perverted (adj.)

Perverse 是個形容詞,意為「一意孤行的;知錯不改的,逆情悖理的;剛愎的;頑固的」(obstinate; stubborn; wrong-headed),如 She gets a perverse satisfaction from making other people embarrassed. (她有一種不正常的心態,以使別人難堪來取樂);He’s not really opposed to our marriage; he’s just being perverse. (他不是真的反對我們的婚姻;他只是反常罷了)。與這個字同義的名詞是 perversity,意為「剛愎;悖理;反常;荒謬」,如 the perversity of the Taiwan weather (台灣氣候的反常)。
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