Same、similar 和 identical 的用法

Same 可當形容詞和代名詞用,前者意為「同一的;相同的;一樣的」,後者意為「相同的人;相同的事物」,指的是兩個或多個人事物完全相同。當我們使用 same 來比較人事物時,其前須有定冠詞 the。例如:

  • John and I went to the same school. (約翰和我曾在同一所學校唸書) (正)
    John and I went to same school. (誤)
  • These two tables are not the same. (這兩張桌子並不一樣) (正)
    These two tables are not same. (誤)

The same as

The same 後面是接 as 不是 that 或 than。例如:

  • I treat daughters exactly the same as sons. (我對女兒和兒子完全一視同仁) (正)
    I treat daughters exactly the same that sons. (誤)
    I treat daughters exactly the same than sons. (誤)
  • My new jacket is the same model as my old one. (我新外套的款式與舊外套一樣) (正)
    My new jacket is the same model that my old one. (誤)
    My new jacket is the same model than my old one. (誤)

The same + 名詞 + 子句
閱讀全文

One of + 複數名詞 + 關代 + 複數動詞

  • John is one of the few persons who know Spanish in our company. (約翰是我們公司裡少數懂西班牙文者之一) (正)
  • John is one of the few persons who knows Spanish in our company. (誤)

解說:先行詞是人,關係子句中的關係代名詞要用 who。先行詞是 one of + 複數名詞時,關係子句中的述語動詞要跟複數名詞一致,而不是跟 one 一致,所以要用複數動詞。

Formosan clouded leopards, which, as their name suggests, are native to Taiwan, are extinct.

  • Formosan clouded leopards, which, as their name suggests, are native to Taiwan, are extinct. (台灣雲豹 - 顧名思義,為台灣土生的動物 - 已滅絕) (正)
  • Formosan clouded leopards which, as their name suggests, are native to Taiwan are extinct. (誤)

解說:關係子句 “which are native to Taiwan” 係 Formosan clouded leopards 的額外補充資料,須為非限定性子句 (non-restrictive clause),亦即其前後都要有逗點。

Who, which, that 有無逗點的文法問題

如果由關係代名詞 who 或 which 所引導的關係子句 (即形容詞子句) 所提供的資訊,對於它所修飾的人或事物是必要的,那麼 who 或 which 的前面不可有逗點,而這種關係子句就叫做「限定關係子句」(restrictive relative clause),簡稱限定子句 (restrictive clause),此時 who 或 which 可用 that 來替代。

相對地,如果 who 或 which 所引導的關係子句所提供的資訊,對於它所修飾的人或事物並非必要,而是補充的或額外的資訊,那麼 who 或 which 的前面須有逗點,而這種關係子句就叫做「非限定關係子句」(non-restrictive relative clause),簡稱非限定子句 (non-restrictive clause),此時 who 或 which 不可用 that 來替代;申言之,that 所引導的關係子句前面絕對不可有逗點。

閱讀全文

Q:在 I want to invite all of them. 這句中,all 後面的 of 可以省略嗎?

A:不可以! 大多數人可能都認為,由於 all of + 名詞時,of 可以省略 (both of 和 half of 的情況亦然),因此在所有 all of 的句型或用法中,都可以將 of 省略,非也! 這僅適用於 all of 後接 the, our, your, this, those, his, her 等限定詞、再接名詞的情況,若是接 us, you, them, it, him 和 her 等 (受格) 代名詞,那麼 of 就不能省略,否則就大錯特錯了。例如:

  • All of you must go there. (正) (你們所有人都要去那裡)
  • I want to invite all of them. (正) (我想邀請他們全部)
  • A: Where is my cake? (我的蛋糕哪裡去了?)
    B: I’ve eaten all it. (誤) (我把它全部吃光了) - all it 須改為 all of it 才對。

有人可能會質疑,在 All you need is a good night’s sleep. (你所需要的不過是晚上好好睡一覺) 這句中,all 跟 you 之間不是沒有 of 嗎? 這也是不明就裡的說法。在此句中,all 為代名詞,而 you need 為省略關代 that 的關係子句,修飾 all,不可混為一談。

現在我們就來詳細說明 all 的用法,以免掛一漏萬、瞎子摸象,似是而非。All 可用作限定詞 (determiner,或者說形容詞)、前置限定詞 (pre-determiner)、代名詞或副詞。

閱讀全文

Q:在 The house which Allen lives in is the oldest in the community. 這句中,which 是否可以用 where 來代替呢?

A:可以! Where 這個關係副詞所引導的關係子句或形容詞子句原本就是用來修飾先行詞為地點的名詞 (如 room, house, city, country 等等)。不過,若使用 where,就不可再用介系詞 (這裡是 in);若不用 where,則須有介詞,但介詞可以挪到 which 的前面,使其變成 The house in which Allen lives is the oldest in the community. (艾倫居住的房子是本社區最老舊的)。再者,在這句中,which 亦可用 that (關係代名詞) 來替代,但後面仍須保留介詞,且介詞不可挪到 that 的前面,因為 that 的前面不可有介詞;不過,由於 which 或 that 都是 (介詞的) 受詞,因此均可省略。

綜上所述,問題中的句子總共有五種寫法:

  • The house where Allen lives is the oldest in the community.
  • The house which Allen lives in is the oldest in the community.
  • The house in which Allen lives is the oldest in the community.
  • The house that Allen lives in is the oldest in the community.
  • The house Allen lives in is the oldest in the community.

茲再舉一例來加深大家對這種關係子句句型的印象 (在此使用另一地點介詞 at):

  • That is the restaurant where I will meet Cindy. (那是我要跟辛蒂會面的餐廳)
  • That is the restaurant which I will meet Cindy at.
  • That is the restaurant at which I will meet Cindy.
  • That is the restaurant that I will meet Cindy at.
  • That is the restaurant I will meet Cindy at.

所以,下面的句子都是錯的:

  • That is the restaurant which I will meet Cindy. (誤)
  • That is the restaurant that I will meet Cindy. (誤)
  • That is the restaurant I will meet Cindy. (誤)

至於另一關係副詞 when,則是用來修飾先行詞為時間的名詞 (如 time, day, year, century 等等)。它的用法與 where 雷同,但有兩個地方明顯不同,一是介詞不可以放在子句的末尾 (這與其他關係子句的介詞用法皆不同),二是 that 可視為關係副詞。例如:

  • I’ll never forget the day when I first met my wife. (我永遠不會忘記我和內人初次見面的那一天)
  • I’ll never forget the day on which I first met my wife.
  • I’ll never forget the day that I first met my wife.
  • I’ll never forget the day I first met my wife.

若使用 when,就不可再用介詞 (時刻用 at;日期用 on;月份、季節和年份用 in);若不用 when,則須有介詞,但介詞只能放在 which 的前面,若不用 which,則介詞要省略,不可放在句末。在 when 所引導的關係子句,我們可以用 that 來代替 when,因而這 that 被視為關係副詞。Which 在這兩種句型中皆是關代。

同樣地,茲再舉一例來加深大家對這種關係子句句型的印象 (在此使用另一時間介詞 in):

  • December is the month when the weather is usually the coldest. (十二月通常是天氣最冷的月份)
  • December is the month in which the weather is usually the coldest.
  • December is the month that the weather is usually the coldest.
  • December is the month the weather is usually the coldest.

所以,下面的句子都是錯的:

  • December is the month which the weather is usually the coldest in. (誤)
  • December is the month that the weather is usually the coldest in. (誤)
  • December is the month the weather is usually the coldest in. (誤)

Q:在 It is you who play (or plays) an important role in that matter. 這句中,who 要接單數還是複數動詞?

A:在 It is you who play (or plays) an important role in that matter. (在該事件中扮演重要角色的人就是你) 這句中,who 是主詞,也可以說是它所引導的形容詞子句 (即關係子句) 的主詞,指的是先行詞 you,所以動詞要用 “play”。

值得一提的是,關係子句幾乎從不用來修飾人稱代名詞,如 I who am a student at this school come from a country in Asia. (我是這所學校的學生,來自亞洲國家) 是個錯誤的句子。然而,問題中的句子是一種所謂「分裂句」(cleft sentences) 的強調句型 (It is/was… that),不受此限,如 It is I who should be responsible for the fault. (該為這項過錯負責的人就是我);It was they that cleaned the classroom yesterday. (就是他們昨天打掃教室) — 在此 that 也可用 who 來代替,但僅限被強調的元素是人,如上述的例句,其他情況只能用 that,不能用其他關係代名詞。

不過,在非正式或新聞英語中,分裂句中的主格人稱代名詞經常被寫成受格型態,如 It is us who will come up with the solutions. (日後提出解決方案的人就是我們)。另外,著名的成語 “He who laughs last laughs best.” 也使用同樣的句型,意思是說,不要在乎眼前的輸贏,要到最後才見分曉,也就是說「最後笑的人才是真正的笑」;不過這裡的 he 係用做不定代名詞,意為 anybody, any person。

Q:The conditions to lend books should be changed. 這句可否轉換為關係子句? 若可以,要如何轉換?

A:一般而言,「名詞 (先行詞) + 不定詞片語」的結構通常可轉換為關係子句的型態;其中,後置的不定詞片語是修飾它前面的名詞。然而,修飾用的後置不定詞片語必須可以輕易地轉換為關係子句。但問題中的句子無法輕易地轉換為關係子句。原因何在? 請看下面的敘述。

事實上,修飾用的後置不定詞片語與其先行詞 (名詞) 之間的語意關係 (semantic relationship) 相當鬆散,因為後者在關係子句中可以扮演不同的語法功能。例如:

  1. The first man to arrive (= who arrived) was Bill. (第一個抵達的人是比爾)
  2. The man to remember (= whom you/we/everyone should remember) is Bill. (吾人應該記得的人是比爾)

在第一句,主句的主詞 (man) 也是不定詞片語的主詞;在第二句,主句的主詞 (man) 則是不定詞片語的受詞。然而,儘管語法關係不同,但我們皆可將這兩句轉換或擴展為關係子句。但對於這位讀者所問的句子,我們要如何處理呢? 因為 “conditions” 既不是不定詞片語 “to lend books” 的主詞 (conditions 不會 lend books,而是「人或圖書館等」才會 lend books),也不是它的受詞 (lend 已有 books 當受詞)。從這個句子無法重組及輕易轉換為關係子句 (不可以轉換為 The conditions which can/will… lend books….) 的情況來看,它是個意思不明確的錯誤句子,須予以改寫:

  • The conditions under which books are lent should be changed. (書籍出借的條件應予變更)

這種錯誤的「名詞 + 不定詞片語」句型俯拾即是,必須避免。由於「名詞 + 不定詞片語」的結構在英文中實在太常見了,許多人往往習焉不察,想當然耳地認為它們都是正確的句子,其實不然。所以,日後在書寫或閱讀時,若有用到或看到這樣的句型,不妨稍微留意一下,用上述的方法去判斷,應可避免錯誤的發生。現在再舉兩個同樣令人無法接受的謬誤句子供大家參考 (因為這兩句也同樣無法輕易地轉換為關係子句):

  1. There are rules to play this game. (玩這遊戲是有規則的)
  2. The teacher should give hints to use the structures correctly. (老師應給予正確使用這些結構的指點)

這兩句必須改寫為:

  1. There are rules according to which this game must be played. (這遊戲必須根據規則來玩)
  2. The teacher should give hints which would help the students use the structures correctly. (老師應給予有助於學生正確使用這些結構的指點)